Letter grades and grade points
The foundation of GPA calculation is the conversion of letter grades to grade points on a numerical scale. The standard unweighted scale used at most US high schools and colleges is the 4.0 scale:
| Letter grade | Percentage equivalent (typical) | Grade points (unweighted) |
|---|---|---|
| A+ or A | 93–100% | 4.0 |
| A− | 90–92% | 3.7 |
| B+ | 87–89% | 3.3 |
| B | 83–86% | 3.0 |
| B− | 80–82% | 2.7 |
| C+ | 77–79% | 2.3 |
| C | 73–76% | 2.0 |
| C− | 70–72% | 1.7 |
| D+ | 67–69% | 1.3 |
| D | 60–66% | 1.0 |
| F | Below 60% | 0.0 |
The exact percentage cutoffs for each letter grade vary by school and teacher. Some schools use a simpler five-point system without plus/minus grades (A=4, B=3, C=2, D=1, F=0). Some schools use a 100-point scale and may calculate GPA directly from the numeric grade. The critical step for understanding your GPA is to check your school's specific grade scale — available from your school counselor or the student handbook — rather than assuming the example above applies to your situation exactly. Some schools use letter grades with plus/minus modifiers; others assign only A, B, C, D, F without modifiers, producing a simpler scale with grade points of exactly 4, 3, 2, 1, and 0. Some schools assign grades on a 100-point numeric scale and convert to letter grades for GPA purposes. Ask your counselor which scale your school uses and how it converts to the GPA reported on your transcript.
Unweighted GPA calculation
The unweighted GPA calculation uses the standard grade points above without any adjustment for course difficulty. Here is how a semester of courses becomes a GPA:
Step 1: Convert each letter grade to grade points using the school's scale.
Step 2: Multiply the grade points by the number of credits for each course.
Step 3: Add up all the quality points (grade points × credits).
Step 4: Divide total quality points by total credits earned.
Example: A student completes the following courses in one semester:
| Course | Credits | Letter grade | Grade points | Quality points (credits × grade points) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English 10 | 1.0 | A | 4.0 | 4.0 |
| Algebra II | 1.0 | B+ | 3.3 | 3.3 |
| Biology | 1.0 | A− | 3.7 | 3.7 |
| World History | 1.0 | B | 3.0 | 3.0 |
| Spanish II | 1.0 | B+ | 3.3 | 3.3 |
| Total | 5.0 | 17.3 |
This same calculation applies across all semesters to produce the cumulative GPA: all quality points from all semesters are added together, then divided by all credits earned across those semesters.
Weighted GPA: honors, AP, and IB
Weighted GPA adjusts the grade points upward for courses that are more academically demanding: Honors, Advanced Placement (AP), and International Baccalaureate (IB) courses. The purpose of weighting is to reward students who challenge themselves with rigorous coursework, rather than penalizing them for taking harder courses where grades may be lower.
The most common weighting system adds bonus points to the grade point values for designated courses:
| Letter grade | Unweighted (standard) | Honors (+0.5) | AP or IB (+1.0) |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | 4.0 | 4.5 | 5.0 |
| A− | 3.7 | 4.2 | 4.7 |
| B+ | 3.3 | 3.8 | 4.3 |
| B | 3.0 | 3.5 | 4.0 |
| B− | 2.7 | 3.2 | 3.7 |
| C+ | 2.3 | 2.8 | 3.3 |
| C | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.0 |
Not all schools use the same weighting increment. Some schools use +0.5 for AP (not +1.0). Some districts have moved to a 6.0 scale for AP courses instead of a 5.0 scale. Some schools do not weight Honors courses at all, only AP and IB. These variations are consequential: a student's weighted GPA depends entirely on which system their school uses. Always verify the weighting policy with your school's counseling office before relying on any estimate.
When comparing weighted GPAs across schools or applicants, colleges typically look at both the weighted and unweighted GPA, and the school profile (a document schools send to colleges explaining their grading system, available AP course offerings, and historical performance data). This allows admissions readers to interpret the GPA in its institutional context rather than comparing raw numbers from incompatible scales.
Cumulative GPA across four years
Cumulative GPA is the overall GPA computed across all high school courses from 9th through 12th grade (or through the most recently completed semester). It represents the total academic record, weighted by credits, rather than any single semester or year.
The cumulative GPA grows progressively more stable as more credits accumulate. Early in high school (9th grade), a student's cumulative GPA is entirely determined by their first courses — one bad semester has maximum impact. By the end of 11th grade, with two-and-a-half years of credit hours accumulated, the marginal impact of any single semester diminishes significantly. This is the mathematical reality that both motivates early strong performance (it compounds forward) and limits the ceiling of recovery strategies late in high school (old low grades become diluted by new high grades, but cannot be erased).
The GPA calculator allows you to enter courses grade by grade to see your cumulative GPA evolve and project forward — including modeling what GPA you could achieve by the end of senior year given different grade scenarios in remaining courses. Use it to set specific, quantified goals for upcoming semesters rather than vaguely aiming to "do better."
Class rank and GPA
Class rank is an ordinal ranking of students within the graduating class based on GPA (most commonly weighted GPA). A student ranked 1st has the highest cumulative GPA in the class; a student ranked 50th out of 300 is in approximately the 83rd percentile. Class rank is generated and reported by the school, not calculated by the student, and it appears on the official high school transcript and school report sent to colleges.
Class rank contextualizes GPA in a way that the raw number cannot. A 3.7 GPA at a school with grade inflation may represent a class rank of 150th/300, indicating below-median academic performance relative to peers. The same 3.7 at a school with grade deflation may represent a class rank of 15th/300, indicating strong performance in a competitive academic environment. Colleges use the school profile to understand the school's grading environment and interpret class rank accordingly.
Approximately half of US high schools have stopped reporting class rank, citing concerns about intense competition for marginal rank positions, reduced motivation among students who are not in the top 10%, and the difficulty of ranking students from different course rigor backgrounds. When class rank is not reported, colleges rely more heavily on the school profile, GPA, course rigor, and standardized test scores to assess a student's relative academic standing.
How colleges recalculate high school GPA
Many colleges do not use the GPA as reported on the high school transcript. Instead, they apply their own recalculation methodology to standardize across the different grading systems, weighting policies, and course offerings at thousands of different high schools. The most common recalculation approaches:
Core courses only: Many selective colleges recalculate GPA using only core academic subjects (English/Language Arts, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Social Sciences/History, and World Languages) and exclude PE, arts electives, study hall, and non-academic credits from the GPA calculation. This removes the GPA inflation that can come from high grades in less demanding elective courses and focuses the metric on the academic preparation most relevant to college success.
Unweighted recalculation: Some colleges convert all course grades to the standard unweighted 4.0 scale, removing the school's weighting, so that applicants from all schools are evaluated on the same scale regardless of whether their school uses a 5.0, 4.5, or 6.0 weighted scale.
UC system recalculation: The University of California system uses a well-known recalculation methodology that uses only 10th and 11th grade courses (not 9th or 12th), caps the weighted GPA at 5.0, and applies specific weighting rules for UC-approved honors and AP courses. This methodology was designed to standardize GPA across California's diverse high school landscape and remove the 9th-grade grades that the UC system considers less predictive of college success.
Because colleges use different recalculation methodologies, the GPA a specific college uses in its admissions evaluation may differ from your transcript GPA. When researching colleges, look for published class profile data (which typically reports the average GPA of admitted students on the college's specific scale) and understand which GPA the college is reporting to know how to interpret it relative to your own.
GPA thresholds in college admissions
The role of GPA in undergraduate college admissions varies significantly by institution type. The following community-referenced ranges illustrate typical patterns — always verify current data directly with each institution's published class profiles:
| Institution type | Typical acceptance rate | Community-referenced admitted student avg. unweighted GPA | Context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Highly selective (Ivy League, equivalent) | Below 10% | 3.9–4.0+ | Near-perfect GPA typically expected; course rigor also critical |
| Very selective | 10–20% | 3.7–3.9 | Strong GPA + rigorous course load + high test scores |
| Selective | 20–40% | 3.5–3.7 | Holistic review; GPA + test + activities all matter |
| Moderately selective | 40–60% | 3.2–3.5 | GPA a primary factor; below 3.0 may need explanation |
| Less selective / open enrollment | 60%+ | No minimum or 2.0+ | GPA matters for merit scholarships and honors programs |
College GPA evaluation is not just about the number. Admissions offices evaluate GPA alongside the rigor of the courses taken: a 3.5 GPA in the most challenging courses available at the school (multiple APs, IB program, dual enrollment) is a stronger academic profile than a 3.8 GPA in less rigorous coursework. This is why the transcript — not just the GPA number — is the primary academic document. Rigorous course selection and strong performance in those courses is the optimal strategy, even when it means the GPA might be slightly lower than it would be in easier courses.
Upward GPA trends
An upward GPA trend across high school — where performance improves from freshman to sophomore to junior year — is explicitly positive evidence in college admissions. It demonstrates academic maturity, improved work habits, and the ability to perform at a higher level over time. A student who earns a 2.8 GPA in 9th grade, improves to 3.2 in 10th grade, and achieves 3.7 in 11th grade has a compelling growth story that is often more compelling than a student who maintained a flat 3.2 throughout.
Admissions readers can see the trend by reviewing grades semester by semester on the transcript. They can also see an upward trend in course rigor — a student who adds AP courses over time while maintaining or improving GPA is demonstrating both ambition and the capability to execute on it. An upward trend combined with an optional essay or "additional information" section that briefly explains the context of earlier lower performance (a family difficulty, a medical issue, a delayed adjustment to high school expectations) is a full narrative that gives the admissions reader what they need to understand the full academic trajectory.
The flip side of an upward trend is a downward trend, which is one of the most concerning patterns college admissions readers encounter. A student with a strong 9th and 10th grade GPA who declines significantly in 11th grade — the most important academic year for college applications — raises questions about academic engagement, motivation, or external circumstances. If a downward trend exists in your record, addressing it in the application is important: a brief, honest explanation of the external circumstances (if relevant) combined with evidence of recovery or commitment to improvement is more effective than leaving the reader to speculate.
Dual enrollment, AP exams, and GPA
Dual enrollment courses (college courses taken for simultaneous high school and college credit while the student is still in high school) typically appear on both the high school transcript and a college transcript. Whether dual enrollment grades are included in the high school GPA depends on the school's policy: some schools include them in the high school GPA calculation; others exclude them or mark them separately. The college credit earned through dual enrollment is usually transferable to the student's future college, depending on the institution's transfer credit policies. Dual enrollment is increasingly common and valued by colleges as evidence of college-level readiness, since the grades are earned in actual college courses rather than high school courses designed to be AP-equivalent.
AP courses appear on the high school transcript and are graded like any other high school course, contributing to the GPA (with weighting if the school applies it). The AP exam score (1–5, scored separately by the College Board) does not directly affect the high school GPA — it is a separate credential sent directly to colleges. A student can earn an A in AP Chemistry (which boosts the weighted GPA) and score a 2 on the AP exam (which does not affect the GPA but does not earn college credit at most institutions). The two credentials are independently assessed. For college GPA context after high school, note that AP exam scores that earn college credit affect the entering course placement and credit load, which can affect the college GPA trajectory indirectly; see the GPA calculator to model this.
Some high schools also offer Cambridge IGCSE or A-Level courses (typically at schools with a British curriculum connection) that are treated similarly to IB courses for GPA weighting purposes at schools that offer them. If your school offers a curriculum track that isn't explicitly AP or IB, verify how those courses are weighted in your school's GPA calculation by checking directly with the registrar or counselor.
Semester GPA vs. cumulative GPA
High school transcripts typically report both a semester GPA (the GPA for courses completed in a single semester) and a cumulative GPA (the running GPA across all semesters completed). Understanding the difference matters for interpreting your transcript accurately and for planning improvement strategies.
Your semester GPA for any given term is calculated only from the courses in that semester. If you take 5 courses in the fall semester and earn grades of A, A-, B+, B, and B-, your semester GPA for that term might be approximately 3.5. Your cumulative GPA, by contrast, incorporates every semester you have completed — including strong semesters, weak semesters, and the current semester.
A semester with an exceptionally strong or weak GPA changes the cumulative GPA by an amount that depends on how much credit weight the current semester carries relative to the total. Early in high school (few prior semesters), each new semester has a large proportional effect. Late in high school (many prior semesters accumulated), the new semester has a smaller proportional effect on the cumulative total. This is why freshmen who have a bad first semester can often recover significantly by sophomore year, while seniors who had a rough first three years cannot easily raise their cumulative GPA to the high 3s in a single final semester.
GPA by subject area
Some high school programs and college applications distinguish between overall GPA and subject-area GPA. This is particularly relevant for students whose performance varies significantly across subject areas — a student with strong science and math grades but weaker English grades has a different academic profile than the cumulative GPA alone reveals.
Colleges that recalculate GPA using only core academic courses are implicitly computing a subject-area GPA: they are looking at English, Math, Science, Social Studies, and Language performance specifically, rather than letting a string of high grades in elective courses inflate the overall average. For college planning purposes, it is worth calculating your core academic GPA separately to understand how it compares to your overall GPA — and to identify any subject area patterns that a college admissions reader would observe when reviewing your transcript.
For students applying to college programs with specific academic requirements (engineering programs typically want strong math and science GPA; English and humanities programs want strong literature and writing performance; business programs want strong math and economics performance), the subject-area GPA is the most relevant signal of college readiness in that discipline. A 3.6 cumulative GPA driven by strong math/science and weaker humanities is a different and more competitive profile for an engineering program than a 3.6 cumulative GPA driven by strong humanities and weaker math/science.
Honors programs, IB programs, and GPA
The International Baccalaureate (IB) program is a rigorous two-year curriculum offered at many high schools, typically in 11th and 12th grade. IB courses (both Standard Level and Higher Level) are generally treated as equivalent to AP courses for GPA weighting purposes at schools that offer IB: Higher Level IB courses typically receive +1.0 weighting (the same as AP) and Standard Level courses may receive +0.5 (like Honors). The IB program also includes Extended Essay, Theory of Knowledge, and CAS (Creativity, Activity, Service) requirements that do not themselves produce a numerical GPA, but demonstrate a level of academic commitment and intellectual rigor that colleges value in the overall application.
Honors programs at the high school level vary by school and may include gifted and talented tracks, honors-designated courses within specific subjects, or school-wide honors curriculum. The GPA weighting for honors courses is school-specific — some schools apply the +0.5 bonus to all honors-designated courses; others apply it only to specific core academic honors courses; others do not differentiate Honors from standard courses in their GPA calculation at all. Verify your school's policy, because a student who assumes their honors courses are being weighted when they are not will misestimate their GPA, and vice versa.
High school GPA and scholarships
Beyond college admissions, high school GPA plays a direct role in merit scholarship eligibility. Most merit-based scholarships — whether institutional scholarships from the college itself, state-funded scholarships, or private foundation scholarships — use GPA as a primary or threshold eligibility criterion.
Institutional merit scholarships at colleges and universities commonly use high school GPA as one of two primary criteria, alongside standardized test scores (SAT/ACT). Community-referenced GPA thresholds for merit scholarships at many institutions: full-tuition or near-full-tuition scholarships typically require 3.8–4.0 unweighted GPA; substantial partial scholarships (covering 25–50% of tuition) typically require 3.5–3.7; smaller grants often have minimums around 3.0–3.3. These thresholds vary widely by institution and scholarship program — check each school's scholarship matrix directly.
State-funded merit scholarship programs (such as the Georgia HOPE Scholarship, Florida Bright Futures, Tennessee HOPE Scholarship, and similar programs in other states) often have GPA minimums in the 3.0–3.7 range as primary eligibility criteria, sometimes combined with standardized test score minimums. The specific GPA calculation these programs use may differ from the school-reported GPA: some state scholarship programs specify a GPA calculation methodology (core courses only, unweighted 4.0 scale) that differs from what appears on the transcript. Verify eligibility requirements directly with the state program rather than assuming the transcript GPA meets the threshold.
Private foundation scholarships and community scholarships also use GPA as a common filter, typically with thresholds of 3.0–3.5 minimum. These scholarships often have additional requirements (essay, community service, specific career goals), so GPA is one component of a broader application rather than the sole determinant. A student with a 3.2 GPA who writes a compelling essay is competitive for many private scholarships with a 3.0 minimum.
For students who are on the GPA threshold for a particular scholarship, the timing of the application matters: some scholarships require submission before the end of junior year (before all senior year grades are available), while others use the final cumulative GPA through senior year. Knowing the GPA cutoff and the application timing helps students focus academic effort at the right time — prioritizing the semester whose grades will be used in the scholarship evaluation, and using the GPA calculator to project whether the target is achievable in the remaining semesters before the application deadline.
High school GPA vs. standardized test scores in college admissions
In the pre-COVID admissions landscape, the interplay between high school GPA and SAT/ACT scores was the primary academic credentialing tension: a strong GPA compensated for lower test scores and vice versa. The massive expansion of test-optional policies after 2020 has changed this dynamic significantly for many institutions, and the balance continues to shift.
At institutions that remain test-optional (accepting applications without SAT/ACT), high school GPA and course rigor have increased in relative importance, because there is no concurrent test score providing a second academic data point. Transcripts and GPA carry more weight when they are the primary quantitative academic credentials in the review.
At institutions that have returned to test-required policies, the historical pattern reasserts: high GPTA + lower test scores requires explanation of the test score; lower GPA + high test scores requires an explanation for the GPA discrepancy. For most students applying to test-required schools, maximizing both the GPA and the test score is the optimal strategy — the two credentials reinforce each other when both are strong, and each gap creates a question the application needs to address.
For context on how GPA is used in professional and graduate school admissions (where the calculation systems are centralized and standardized), see the guides on GPA for medical school and GPA for graduate school. High school GPA is the foundation of the academic record that begins this long sequence of evaluation.
How to improve your high school GPA
Because cumulative GPA is a weighted average, the strategy for improvement depends on where you are in high school and what your starting GPA is. Early in high school (freshmen and sophomores), each semester has roughly equal marginal weight and strong performance compounds forward into the cumulative GPA. Later in high school (juniors and seniors), each new semester is a smaller proportion of the total credit hours, and the marginal impact of any single semester on the cumulative GPA is smaller.
Concrete improvement strategies:
- Target specific courses for improvement: Identify the courses that are dragging your GPA down and prioritize time and resources on those. A C in a core course is doing more damage than a B+ in an elective.
- Use every grade opportunity before semester end: High school grades are usually built from multiple assessments (homework, quizzes, tests, projects, and participation). Extra credit assignments, test corrections policies, and strong performance on cumulative final exams can recover significant ground that early-semester missteps cost, if these opportunities are actively pursued rather than ignored.
- Talk to teachers early, not late: A student who communicates with teachers at the start of a difficult stretch (asking for help, clarifying expectations, attending office hours) is more recoverable than one who waits until the final week. Teachers have more flexibility to support students who engage proactively.
- Retaking courses: Some high schools allow students to retake a course in which they performed poorly. Whether the original or retake grade replaces the original in the GPA, or both are averaged, depends on the school's policy. When the retake grade replaces the original, the GPA benefit is direct and immediate; when both grades appear and are averaged, the benefit is smaller but still positive. Check with your counselor before retaking a course specifically for GPA purposes, and ask whether the college you are targeting treats retaken courses as grade replacement or as both-visible.
- Course selection: Taking more AP or Honors courses can raise your weighted GPA through the bonus points, even if your unweighted performance in those courses is moderate. A B in AP History earns 4.0 on a weighted scale — the same as an A in a standard course. This must be balanced against the risk: a C in AP History earns 3.0 on a weighted scale, only slightly above a B in a standard course.
Projecting your GPA with a calculator
One of the most useful tools available for high school GPA planning is a GPA calculator that lets you model what your cumulative GPA will be at the end of a future semester given different grade assumptions. The GPA calculator allows you to enter your courses with grades and credit values to see where you stand today, then add projected courses and grades to see where you could be at the end of the year.
For students whose counselors or college advisors recommend targeting a specific GPA for scholarship eligibility or college admissions, the calculator provides a quantified answer to the question "what do I need to earn this semester to reach that target?" Setting a specific semester GPA goal (rather than vaguely aiming to "do better") creates a measurable standard that can be broken down course by course: if you need a semester GPA of 3.8 across five courses, you can calculate exactly how many A grades and B grades achieve that target, and plan accordingly.
The underlying algebraic model is the same principle that guides all GPA projections. If a student has earned 10 credits with a 3.0 cumulative GPA (30 total quality points), and they are taking 5 credits this semester, they need to compute what GPA in the current semester would produce their target cumulative GPA:
3.4 = (30 + New semester quality points) ÷ (10 + 5)
3.4 × 15 = 30 + New semester quality points
New semester quality points = 51 − 30 = 21
New semester GPA needed = 21 ÷ 5 = 4.2
In this example, a student with a 3.0 GPA (B average) over 10 credits would need a 4.2 GPA in their next 5-credit semester to bring the cumulative to 3.4 — which is possible only on a weighted scale (earning 4.0+ in several courses) or if the school uses a scale above 4.0. If the student is on an unweighted scale, raising the cumulative from 3.0 to 3.4 in one semester of 5 credits is mathematically impossible, because the maximum unweighted GPA in any semester is 4.0 (which would produce a new cumulative of: (30 + 20) ÷ 15 = 3.33). This calculation explains why early academic performance is so important: the room for large cumulative GPA swings narrows as the credit hour base grows, and recovery is always possible but never as easy as the student hopes when viewed mathematically. Use the calculator to know your realistic target, not just a vague aspiration.
Frequently asked questions
How is high school GPA calculated?
Convert letter grades to grade points (A=4, B=3, C=2, D=1, F=0 on the unweighted 4.0 scale), multiply each by the course credits, sum all quality points, and divide by total credits. For weighted GPA, add +0.5 for Honors and +1.0 for AP/IB before calculating. The specific weights depend on your school's policy — verify with your counselor.
What is the difference between weighted and unweighted GPA?
Unweighted GPA treats all courses equally on a 4.0 scale. Weighted GPA adds bonus points for rigorous courses (commonly +0.5 for Honors, +1.0 for AP/IB), producing a GPA that can exceed 4.0. Weighted GPA rewards course rigor; unweighted GPA reflects raw grade performance. Colleges evaluate both, plus the transcript itself.
What GPA is needed for college?
Community-referenced: highly selective colleges ≈ 3.9–4.0+ unweighted; very selective ≈ 3.7–3.9; selective ≈ 3.5–3.7; moderately selective ≈ 3.2–3.5. Community colleges and open-enrollment schools have no GPA minimum for admission. These are averages of admitted students, not cutoffs — verify current data directly with each institution.
Do colleges recalculate high school GPA?
Yes — many colleges recalculate using only core academic courses, convert to unweighted 4.0 scale, or apply their own methodology. UC campuses use a specific system covering only 10th/11th grade core courses with capped weighted scale. The recalculated GPA may differ from your transcript GPA. Research each program’s approach.
Does freshman year count toward college GPA?
Yes — 9th grade is on the transcript and in the cumulative GPA. Some college recalculations (like UC campuses) exclude 9th grade and use only 10th/11th grade courses. An upward trend from 9th grade onward is a positive signal regardless of the recalculation policy used.
What is a good high school GPA?
Context-dependent: 3.0 is B-average and meets most college minimums; 3.5 is competitive for selective colleges; 3.7–4.0 is expected at highly selective colleges. For merit scholarships, most thresholds are 3.0–3.5+. Interpret GPA alongside course rigor and institutional goals.
How do AP courses affect GPA?
AP courses typically add +1.0 to grade points on a weighted scale (A in AP = 5.0). This can significantly raise weighted GPA. However, many colleges recalculate to unweighted GPA, so the weighting benefit is school-reported only. The signal of AP course rigor on the transcript matters independently of the GPA calculation.
What is class rank?
Class rank is your ordinal position in the graduating class by GPA, with #1 being highest. It contextualizes GPA within your school. About half of US high schools no longer report class rank. When reported, it appears on your official transcript and school report sent to colleges.
Can I raise my GPA senior year?
Yes, but the cumulative impact diminishes as credits accumulate. Early applications (EA/ED) are evaluated through junior year. Senior year grades matter for maintaining conditional admission and demonstrating continued growth. Calculate your realistic achievable GPA range with the GPA calculator to set accurate goals.
How is GPA reported on college applications?
Common App and most college applications ask for the cumulative GPA as reported on your transcript, along with whether it is weighted or unweighted. Many colleges then recalculate using their own methodology. Know both your weighted and unweighted GPA, as some colleges request one specifically.
Related Sources
- NCAA Eligibility Center. Initial and Continuing Eligibility Requirements — core-course GPA minimums and the sliding scale for D1 and D2 athletes. eligibilitycenter.org
- College Board. AP Program and Course Catalog — how AP courses affect weighted GPA and are recognized in college admissions. collegeboard.org/ap
- NACAC. State of College Admission — annual data ranking grades in college-prep courses as the top admissions factor. nacacnet.org